Working memory deficit

Adults can struggle to hold information while processing it

Research-backed

Working memory means briefly holding and processing information at the same time. The key is whether earlier information stays in mind during the next step. Forgetting something does not necessarily mean memory as a whole is worse(Alderson et al., 2013).

A meta-analysis of 38 adult studies found lower average performance on verbal and spatial working memory tasks in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Task design also affected the size of the gap between groups(Alderson et al., 2013).

Having ADHD does not mean working memory is impaired

Proposed in research

A study using multiple tests in children ages 8–13 classified 62% of its ADHD sample as having working memory impairment. A substantial proportion did not meet the impairment criteria(Kofler et al., 2019).

Better memory test scores do not mean broad everyday gains

Research-backed

A meta-analysis of 36 randomized trials found that computerized cognitive training improved working memory test scores. When ratings minimized the influence of knowing who received training, overall ADHD symptoms showed no clear improvement. Inattention showed only small, short-term gains tied to the training setting(Westwood et al., 2023).

Judging training’s value means checking whether the everyday difficulty it was meant to address has changed, beyond game scores. Some benefits in a few longer-term studies do not establish broad improvement in ADHD.